At the conclusion of this section, given information on concentrations, standard free energies of formation, G^o_f, standard enthalpies of formation, H^o_f, and initial conditions, you should be able to ...

1. Balance a reaction
2. Determine the amount of specific reactants a reaction needs to take place to completion.
3. Determine the number of moles and equivalents
4. Determine the free energy change, DG, associated with taking a system from one defined state to another (which might be equilibrium).
5. Determine the standard free energy change, DG_rxn^o, and the free energy change, DG_rxn, associated with a reaction.
6. Predict which direction a reaction will proceed spontaneously, what the stable phases will be when the system reaches equilibrium, and under what conditions different solid phases can coexist.
7. Determine the equilibrium constant, K, for a reaction, and determine the effect of temperature on K.
8. Determine the equilibrium composition of simple systems, including the distribution of species among various phases.

At the conclusion of this section, you should be able to ...

1. Recognize several common strong acids, bases, and electrolytes.
2. Given concentrations, determine the equilibrium pH and composition of a solution containing strong and/or weak acids and bases.
3. Given pH, determine the composition (speciation) of a solution containing strong and/or weak acids and bases.
4. Write the system of equations needed to determine the speciation of solutions containing acids and/or bases
5. Construct pC-pH diagrams.
6. Sketch the titration curve of a weak acid.
7. Determine amount of acids/bases to neutralize a known waste
8. Determine the amounts of acid/conjugate base needed to prepare buffer solutions
9. Identify the equivalence point(s) associated with a weak acid/base and explain their physical significance.
10. Determine the buffer capacity of a solution.
11. Compare solutions of acids and bases and qualitatively rank them in order of pH or buffer capacity.