At the conclusion of this section, you should be able to ...

1. Construct pC-pH diagrams for the carbonate species for a closed system and for an open system.
2. Determine if systems are in equilibrium or undersaturated with respect to P_CO2.
3. Sketch the titration curve of closed-carbonate systems.
4. Explain the concept of "alkalinity" and "acidity".
5. Determine total carbonate concentration and speciation for samples of known alkalinity and acidity.
6. Predict whether "alkalinity" will increase, decrease, or stay the same upon addition of strong or weak acid, strong or weak base, salt, or one or more of the carbonate species.
7. Compare solutions with respect to their relative pH, alkalinity, and/or buffer intensity.
8. Determine the equilibrium pH, alkalinity, and/or composition of a solution containing dissolved carbonate species in systems that are closed or open to the atmosphere.
9. Determine the buffer intensity of a solution containing dissolved carbonate species.
10. Determine the alkalinity, pH, and composition that results when two solutions are mixed (when closed to the atmosphere) and what would happen if they contact the atmosphere
11. Recommend chemical additions to achieve a solution of desired pH, alkalinity, etc.

At the conclusion of this section, you should be able to ...

1. Determine the effect of a ligand on metal speciation
2. Determine the effect of ligands on metal solubility
3. Construct a solubility diagram for a mineral carbonate solid or for a mineral hydroxide solid, in a closed or open system.
4. Given initial conditions, determine whether a solution is undersaturated, saturated, or oversaturated with respect to a particular solid phase.
5. If more than one solid phase is possible, predict which solid phase controls or if two solid phases co-exist.
6. Determine the equilibrium pH, alkalinity, and/or composition of a solution when a solid phase may be present.
7. Predict whether "solubility" and pH will increase, decrease, or stay the same upon addition of strong or weak acid, strong or weak base, salt, or one or more of the carbonate species.
8. Recommend chemical additions (e.g., acid, base, complexing agents, etc.) to achieve a desired total dissolved concentration of a metal.