At the conclusion of this section, you should be able to ...

1. Determine the effect of a ligand on metal speciation
2. Determine the effect of ligands on metal solubility
3. Construct a solubility diagram for a mineral carbonate solid or for a mineral hydroxide solid, in a closed or open system.
4. Given initial conditions, determine whether a solution is undersaturated, saturated, or oversaturated with respect to a particular solid phase.
5. If more than one solid phase is possible, predict which solid phase controls or if two solid phases co-exist.
6. Determine the equilibrium pH, alkalinity, and/or composition of a solution when a solid phase may be present.
7. Predict whether "solubility" and pH will increase, decrease, or stay the same upon addition of strong or weak acid, strong or weak base, salt, or one or more of the carbonate species.
8. Recommend chemical additions (e.g., acid, base, complexing agents, etc.) to achieve a desired total dissolved concentration of a metal.